Conversely, if the electricity is produced completely from fossil fuel, the emissions from the electric vehicle are higher because of the limit of energy efficiency of large power plants and transmission line losses. Barbose, G., R. Wiser, J. Heeter, T. Mai, L. Bird, M. Bolinger, A. Carpenter, G. Heath, D. Keyser, J. Macknick, A. World Meteorological Organization (hosted by Arizona State University), Tempe, AZ. Native Americans are among the most at risk from climate change, often experiencing the worst effects because of higher exposure, higher sensitivity, and lower adaptive capacity for historical, socioeconomic, and ecological reasons. Some examples include voluntary water conservation and management in California and the Colorado River Basin, restoring cultural fire management in California, and rooftop solar policies in California, Colorado, and Nevada. A hydrologic perspective. Brown, B. L. Hall, and L. G. Riddle, 2004: Climate, Santa Ana Winds and autumn wildfires in southern California. CRS Report for Congress, R42346. ), medium consensus, Suggestive evidence (a few sources, limited consistency, models incomplete, methods emerging, etc. Crouch, J., R. R. Heim, and C. Fenimore, 2016: Regional climates: United States [in “State of the Climate in 2015”]. Sloan, K., and J. Hostler, 2014: Utilizing Yurok Traditional Ecological Knowledge to Inform Climate Change Priorities. A. Patz, 2017: Climate change and collective violence. Karuk Tribe of California, Department of Natural Resources, 171 pp. In. A key uncertainty is how much hydroelectricity generation will decline. A. Dracup, 2008: Climate change impacts on high elevation hydropower generation in California's Sierra Nevada: A case study in the Upper American River. Pozo Buil, M., and E. Di Lorenzo, 2017: Decadal dynamics and predictability of oxygen and subsurface tracers in the California Current System. Chelsea House Publishers,. doi: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.CH25, The Southwest region encompasses diverse ecosystems, cultures, and economies, reflecting a broad range of climate conditions, including the hottest and driest climate in the United States. Among many health impacts, ozone can promote or aggravate asthma and respiratory allergies.422,423,424,425, Elevated levels of CO2 in conjunction with higher temperatures can increase the amount and potency of aeroallergens (Ch. doi: Mawdsley, J., and R. Lamb, 2013: Climate change vulnerability assessment for priority wildlife species. California Energy Commission, 2018: California Electrical Energy Generation [web site]. Exposure to hotter temperatures and heat waves has led to heat-associated deaths and illnesses in Arizona and California.398,399,400,401,402,403 In the unprecedented 2006 California heat wave, which affected much of the state and part of Nevada, extremely high temperatures occurred day and night for more than two weeks.404 Compared to non-heat wave summer days, it is estimated that the event led to an additional 600 deaths, 16,000 emergency room visits, 1,100 hospitalizations in California,399,405,406 and economic costs of $5.4 billion (in 2008 dollars).405 Parts of the Southwest region experienced record-breaking heat in five of the six years from 2012 to 2017.25,26,27,28,29 Assessments of the health impacts associated with record high temperatures in parts of the Southwest since 2010 are not yet available in the scientific literature. McMichael, A. J., 2013: Globalization, climate change, and human health. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. The Southwest region encompasses diverse ecosystems, cultures, and economies, reflecting a broad range of climate conditions, including the hottest and driest climate in the United States. Wildfire across the western United States doubled from 1984 to 2015, compared to what would have burned without climate change, based on analyses of eight fuel aridity metrics calculated from observed data, historical observed temperature, and historical modeled temperature from global climate models.7 The increased heat has intensified droughts in the Southwest,13,14 reduced snowpack,49,156 and advanced spring warmth.101 These changes have dried forests,154,155 driving the wildfire increase.7,153 Tree death across the western U.S. doubled from 1955 to 2007146 likely due to increased heat,21 wildfire,7 and bark beetle infestations,148,149 all of which are mainly attributable to climate change7,148,149 more than to other factors such as fire exclusion or competition for light and water.146 In the Yosemite National Park biome shift,209 the research analyzed the relative contributions of temperature, precipitation, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. 3-82nd conducts air assault operations in Estonia, U.S. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, 1132 pp. Although annual precipitation (bottom right) has been variable without a long-term trend, there has been a recent decline in precipitation that exacerbates the drought. Visit the Customer Service Online Support Center or contact us below: . He graduated from Swayzee High School in 1953. California Department of Public Health, Sacramento, CA, 10 pp. De Vogelaere, J. Harvey, M. Haulena, K. Lefebvre, T. Lipscomb, S. Loscutoff, L. J. Lowenstine, R. Marin Iii, P. E. Miller, W. A. McLellan, P. D. R. Moeller, C. L. Powell, T. Rowles, P. Silvagni, M. Silver, T. Spraker, V. Trainer, and F. M. Van Dolah, 2000: Mortality of sea lions along the central California coast linked to a toxic diatom bloom. Open-File Report 2014–1050. Stephens, S. L., J. D. Miller, B. M. Collins, M. P. North, J. J. Keane, and S. L. Roberts, 2016: Wildfire impacts on California spotted owl nesting habitat in the Sierra Nevada. In the Gila River Basin of New Mexico, farmers shift to groundwater pumping when surface water supplies are reduced, despite associated increases in production costs.371 Under continued climate change, increased drought risk13 and higher aridity70 could expose some agricultural operations in the Southwest to less reliable surface and groundwater supplies (Ch. This year, more than 28,000 multinational forces from 26 nations will conduct nearly simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas in more than a dozen countries from the Baltics tot the strategically important Balkans and Black Sea Region. In 2017, renewable energy sources supplied 32% of California energy generation.355 By 2013, these standards had averted 26 trillion watt-hours of fossil fuel generation in the Southwest and 3% of carbon emissions nationally and had produced $5 billion in health benefits from reduced air pollution (in 2013 dollars; $5.2 billion in 2015 dollars).356 Potential future benefits of existing renewable portfolio standards include carbon emission reductions of 6% nationally and health benefits of $560 billion (in 2013 dollars; $577 billion in 2015 dollars) from 2015 to 2050.357. North, M. P., S. L. Stephens, B. M. Collins, J. K. Agee, G. Aplet, J. F. Franklin, and P. Z. Fulé, 2015: Reform forest fire management. Pritchett, and J. Ritten, 2013: Ch. The energy potential for renewable energy is estimated to range from one-third to over ten times 2013 generation levels from all sources.502 The lower range assumes capacity requirements remain at 2013 levels,502 but recent data show an upward trend in Southwest energy use.89. Guirguis, K., A. Gershunov, D. R. Cayan, and D. W. Pierce, 2018: Heat wave probability in the changing climate of the Southwest US. Barrows, C. W., 2011: Sensitivity to climate change for two reptiles at the Mojave–Sonoran Desert interface. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 1975: The Coastline of the United States. (2015),14 and Berg and Hall (2017)55 concluded that high temperatures from climate change drove record-setting surface soil moisture deficits that made the drought more severe than it would have been without climate change. EPA, 2017: Multi-model Framework for Quantitative Sectoral Impacts Analysis: A Technical Report for the Fourth National Climate Assessment. Frisvold, G., L.E. The narrative outlines proper protocol when conducting online, virtual visits using video technology. Montilla-López, N. M., C. Gutiérrez-Martín, and J. Water Utility Climate Alliance, Las Vegas, NV. Yip, F. Y., W. D. Flanders, A. Wolkin, D. Engelthaler, W. Humble, A. Neri, L. Lewis, L. Backer, and C. Rubin, 2008: The impact of excess heat events in Maricopa County, Arizona: 2000–2005. (2017)241 provide one map showing sea level rise projections for San Francisco, which shows a 39–47 inch (1–1.2 m) rise for the Intermediate scenario (approximately RCP8.5); the range for all of their scenarios is 0.3–2.5 m. Jevrejeva et al. Hours of Operation: Monday-Friday: 8:00 AM to 6:00 PM EST Phone: (800) 338-3987 Fax: (800) 953-8691 By Mail: McGraw-Hill P.O. This year, more than 28,000 multinational forces from 26 nations will conduct nearly simultaneous operations across more than 30 training areas in more than a dozen countries from the Baltics to the strategically important Balkans and Black Sea Region. Ramajo, L., E. Pérez-León, I. E. Hendriks, N. Marbà, D. Krause-Jensen, M. K. Sejr, M. E. Blicher, N. A. Lagos, Y. S. Olsen, and C. M. Duarte, 2016: Food supply confers calcifiers resistance to ocean acidification. Westerling, A. L., B. P. Bryant, H. K. Preisler, T. P. Holmes, H. G. Hidalgo, T. Das, and S. R. Shrestha, 2011: Climate change and growth scenarios for California wildfire. Mortality risk during a heat wave is amplified on days with high levels of ground-level ozone or particulate air pollution. McCabe, G. J., D. M. Wolock, G. T. Pederson, C. A. Woodhouse, and S. McAfee, 2017: Evidence that recent warming is reducing upper Colorado River flows. Middleton, B. R., 2012: Fuels: Greenville rancheria. Millar, C. I., and N. L. Stephenson, 2015: Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance. Yurok Wildland Fire Crew, 2014: Fire council ignites long term burn plan. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions globally can also reduce ecological vulnerabilities. City of San Francisco, 2016: Sea Level Rise Action Plan. Stewart, J. S., J. C. Field, U. Markaida, and W. F. Gilly, 2013: Behavioral ecology of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) in relation to oxygen minimum zones. The researchers found that “Minimum temperature was the main effect related to accelerating annual branch growth in krummholz whitebark pine and initiation of pine invasion into formerly persistent snowfield openings.” In the Yosemite National Park small mammal range shift,210 the locations of the monitoring sites allowed relative isolation of climate change factors. Permission of the copyright owner must be obtained National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 127 pp. Klos, P. Z., T. E. Link, and J. T. Abatzoglou, 2014: Extent of the rain–snow transition zone in the western U.S. under historic and projected climate. Paratroopers with 4th Infantry Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division, are part of the US Army’s only arctic airborne brigade and regularly conduct training in Arctic environments. Norgaard, K. M., 2005: The Effects of Altered Diet on the Health of the Karuk People. NCSL, 2018: State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals [web page]. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, DC, 271 pp. DEFENDER-Europe 21 is a large-scale U.S. Army-led exercise designed to build readiness and interoperability between the U.S., NATO allies and partner militaries. Battles, B. M. Collins, T. Robards, and D. S. Saah, 2015: Aboveground live carbon stock changes of California wildland ecosystems, 2001–2010. Since the last assessment, published field research has provided even stronger detection of hydrological drought, tree death, wildfire increases, sea level rise, and warming, oxygen loss, and acidification of the ocean that have been statistically different from natural variation, with much of the attribution pointing to human-caused climate change. Bureau of Reclamation, 2017: Annual operating plan for Colorado River reservoirs 2018. Seager, R., and M. Hoerling, 2014: Atmosphere and ocean origins of North American droughts. Reeves, M. C., A. L. Moreno, K. E. Bagne, and S. W. Running, 2014: Estimating climate change effects on net primary production of rangelands in the United States. The 2013 Rim Fire in California burned more than 257,000 acres, the second largest wildfire in the …. Bedno, S. A., N. Urban, M. R. Boivin, and D. N. Cowan, 2014: Fitness, obesity and risk of heat illness among army trainees. Uncertainties in the climate and hydrologic drivers of regional changes affecting public health include 1) differences in projections from multiple GCMs and associated uncertainties related to regional downscaling methods, 2) variability in projections of extreme precipitation, 3) uncertainties in summer and fall precipitation projections for the region,88 and 4) uncertainties in models that project occurrence and levels of climate-sensitive exposures that are known to impact public health, such as local and regional ozone air pollution, particulate air pollution (for example, increases from wildfire emissions or reductions from advancements in vehicle emissions control technology), or occurrence and exposure to toxins or pathogens. Reid, C. E., J. K. Mann, R. Alfasso, P. B. English, G. C. King, R. A. Lincoln, H. G. Margolis, D. J. Rubado, J. E. Sabato, N. L. West, B. Kim, S. H., J. Kim, R. Walko, B. Myoung, D. Stack, and M. Kafatos, 2015: Climate change impacts on maize-yield potential in the southwestern United States. The physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual health and overall well-being of Indigenous peoples rely on these vulnerable species and materials for their livelihoods, subsistence, cultural practices, ceremonies, and traditions.41,42,43,44, In parts of the region, hotter temperatures have already contributed to reductions of seasonal maximum snowpack and its water content over the past 30–65 years,45,46,47,48,49 partially attributed to human-caused climate change.45,46,48,49 Increased temperatures most strongly affect snowpack water content, snowmelt timing, and the fraction of precipitation falling as snow.48,50,51,52,53,54, The increase in heat and reduction of snow under climate change have amplified recent hydrological droughts (severe shortages of water) in California,14,55,56,57,58 the Colorado River Basin,12,13,59and the Rio Grande.45,60 Snow droughts can arise from a lack of precipitation (dry snow drought), temperatures that are too warm for snow (warm snow drought), or a combination of the two.48,51, Periods of low precipitation from natural variations in the climate system are the primary cause of major hydrological droughts in the Southwest region,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68 with increasing temperatures from climate change amplifying recent hydrological droughts, particularly in California and the upper Colorado River Basin.12,13,14,56,57,59, Under the higher scenario (RCP8.5), climate models project an 8.6°F (4.8°C) increase in Southwest regional annual average temperature by 2100.23 Southern parts of the region could get up to 45 more days each year with maximum temperatures of 90°F (32°C) or higher.23 Projected hotter temperatures increase probabilities of decadal to multi-decadal megadroughts,61,62,69,70 which are persistent droughts lasting longer than a decade,69 even when precipitation increases. Under the higher scenario (RCP8.5), models project increases in the frequency and intensity of atmospheric rivers.83,84,85,86 Climate models also project an increase in daily extreme summer precipitation in the Southwest region, based on projected increases in water vapor resulting from higher temperatures.20,87,88 Projections of summer total precipitation are uncertain, with average projected totals not differing substantially from what would be expected due to natural variations in climate.88, The Southwest generates one-eighth of U.S. energy, with hydropower, solar, wind, and other renewable sources supplying one-fifth of regional energy generation.89 By installing so much renewable energy, the Southwest has lowered its per capita and per dollar greenhouse gas emissions below the U.S. average.90 Climate change can, however, decrease hydropower and fossil fuel energy generation.91 California has enacted mandatory greenhouse gas emissions reductions,92 and Arizona, California, Colorado, Nevada, and New Mexico have passed renewable portfolio standards to reduce fossil fuel dependence and greenhouse gas emissions.93. Climate change may weigh heavily on mental health in the general population and those already struggling with mental health disorders.468,469,470,471,472 One impact of rising temperatures, especially in combination with environmental and socioeconomic stresses, is violence towards others and towards self.473,474,475 Slow-moving disasters, such as drought, may affect mental health over many years.470 Studies of chronic stress indicate a potentially diminished ability to cope with subsequent exposures to stress.476,477,478, Populations under chronic social and economic stresses in urban and rural areas possess lower psychological, physical, and economic resilience (Ch. Howitt, R., D. MacEwan, J. Medellín-Azuara, J. Lund, and D. Sumner, 2015: Economic analysis of the 2015 drought for California agriculture. In this feature, Sgt Remys-Bert Ville provides a comprehensive list of equipment required for Estonian soldiers to operate during winter months, where temperatures can sink as low as minus 20 degrees Celsius. U.S. Army Soldiers assigned to the 82nd Airborne Brigade conduct a day and night air assault operation in support of Swift Response 21 at the Tapa Central Training Area, Estonia, May 8, 2021. Homes and other coastal infrastructure, marine flora and fauna, and people who depend on coastal resources face increased risks under continued climate change. Not all crops are directly harmed by warming temperatures, and the simulation impacts of reduced chilling hours can produce a fairly wide range of results depending upon model assumptions. Sacramento, CA. Privacy Policy • The marine heat wave along the Pacific Coast from 2014 to 2016 occurred due to a combination of natural factors and climate change.254 The event led to the mass stranding of sick or starving birds and sea lions and shifts in pelagic (open water) red crabs and tuna into the region.255 The ecosystem disruptions contributed to closures of commercially important fisheries and substantial reductions in California salmon catches in 2016 and 2017.256,257,258 Ocean warming also contributed to an increase in harmful blooms of algae along the Pacific Coast.259,260,261,262 These harmful algal blooms have produced domoic acid, which can kill people who eat tainted shellfish261,263 and kill California sea lions.261,264,265 Harmful algal blooms and shellfish contamination in the record warm year of 2015 delayed the commercially important Dungeness crab fishery, which contributed to a substantially reduced catch. Lane, N., 2008: The Bureau of Reclamation's Aging Infrastructure. Other sources included published books, government technical reports, and, for data, government websites. In the Upper Colorado River Basin that feeds the reservoirs, temperatures have increased (bottom left), which increases plant water use and evaporation, reducing lake inflows and contents.
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